{
  "title": "Развитие американской высшей школы: масштаб, элита и академическая профессия",
  "scope": "Полная книга Гайгера, 1636–1940. Дополнительные официальные исторические ряды NCES используются для восстановления количественных показателей, которых нет в книге.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "geiger",
      "title": "Roger L. Geiger, The History of American Higher Education (2015)",
      "reference": "Предоставленная Markdown-версия; ссылки MD обозначают служебные маркеры PAGE и не подменяют печатную пагинацию."
    },
    {
      "id": "nces",
      "title": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait (1993)",
      "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf",
      "tables": [
        26,
        28
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "slosson",
      "title": "Edwin E. Slosson, Great American Universities (1910)",
      "url": "https://archive.org/details/greatamericanuni00slosrich"
    }
  ],
  "datasets": {
    "institutions_nces": [
      {
        "year": 1870,
        "academic_year": "1869–70",
        "total": 563,
        "four_year": null,
        "two_year": null,
        "medical_schools": 75,
        "dental_schools": 10,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1880,
        "academic_year": "1879–80",
        "total": 811,
        "four_year": null,
        "two_year": null,
        "medical_schools": 100,
        "dental_schools": 14,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1890,
        "academic_year": "1889–90",
        "total": 998,
        "four_year": null,
        "two_year": null,
        "medical_schools": 133,
        "dental_schools": 31,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "academic_year": "1899–1900",
        "total": 977,
        "four_year": null,
        "two_year": null,
        "medical_schools": 160,
        "dental_schools": 57,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "academic_year": "1909–10",
        "total": 951,
        "four_year": null,
        "two_year": null,
        "medical_schools": 131,
        "dental_schools": 54,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1918,
        "academic_year": "1917–18",
        "total": 980,
        "four_year": 934,
        "two_year": 46,
        "medical_schools": 90,
        "dental_schools": 46,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1920,
        "academic_year": "1919–20",
        "total": 1041,
        "four_year": 989,
        "two_year": 52,
        "medical_schools": 85,
        "dental_schools": 46,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1922,
        "academic_year": "1921–22",
        "total": 1162,
        "four_year": 1082,
        "two_year": 80,
        "medical_schools": 81,
        "dental_schools": 45,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1924,
        "academic_year": "1923–24",
        "total": 1295,
        "four_year": 1163,
        "two_year": 132,
        "medical_schools": 79,
        "dental_schools": 43,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1926,
        "academic_year": "1925–26",
        "total": 1377,
        "four_year": 1224,
        "two_year": 153,
        "medical_schools": 79,
        "dental_schools": 44,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1928,
        "academic_year": "1927–28",
        "total": 1410,
        "four_year": 1162,
        "two_year": 248,
        "medical_schools": 80,
        "dental_schools": 40,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1930,
        "academic_year": "1929–30",
        "total": 1409,
        "four_year": 1132,
        "two_year": 277,
        "medical_schools": 76,
        "dental_schools": 38,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1932,
        "academic_year": "1931–32",
        "total": 1478,
        "four_year": 1136,
        "two_year": 342,
        "medical_schools": 76,
        "dental_schools": 38,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1934,
        "academic_year": "1933–34",
        "total": 1418,
        "four_year": 1096,
        "two_year": 322,
        "medical_schools": 77,
        "dental_schools": 39,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1936,
        "academic_year": "1935–36",
        "total": 1628,
        "four_year": 1213,
        "two_year": 415,
        "medical_schools": 77,
        "dental_schools": 39,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1938,
        "academic_year": "1937–38",
        "total": 1690,
        "four_year": 1237,
        "two_year": 453,
        "medical_schools": 77,
        "dental_schools": 39,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "academic_year": "1939–40",
        "total": 1708,
        "four_year": 1252,
        "two_year": 456,
        "medical_schools": 77,
        "dental_schools": 39,
        "source": "NCES, 120 Years of American Education (1993), table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "status": "published retrospective series",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "note": "Medical/dental schools overlap the total and 4-year sector; do not stack with them. No interpolation."
      }
    ],
    "doctorates_nces": [
      {
        "year": 1870,
        "academic_year": "1869–70",
        "value": 1,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1871,
        "academic_year": "1870–71",
        "value": 13,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1872,
        "academic_year": "1871–72",
        "value": 14,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1873,
        "academic_year": "1872–73",
        "value": 26,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1874,
        "academic_year": "1873–74",
        "value": 13,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1875,
        "academic_year": "1874–75",
        "value": 23,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1876,
        "academic_year": "1875–76",
        "value": 31,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1877,
        "academic_year": "1876–77",
        "value": 39,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1878,
        "academic_year": "1877–78",
        "value": 32,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1879,
        "academic_year": "1878–79",
        "value": 36,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1880,
        "academic_year": "1879–80",
        "value": 54,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1881,
        "academic_year": "1880–81",
        "value": 37,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1882,
        "academic_year": "1881–82",
        "value": 46,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1883,
        "academic_year": "1882–83",
        "value": 50,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1884,
        "academic_year": "1883–84",
        "value": 66,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1885,
        "academic_year": "1884–85",
        "value": 77,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1886,
        "academic_year": "1885–86",
        "value": 84,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1887,
        "academic_year": "1886–87",
        "value": 77,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1888,
        "academic_year": "1887–88",
        "value": 140,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1889,
        "academic_year": "1888–89",
        "value": 124,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1890,
        "academic_year": "1889–90",
        "value": 149,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1891,
        "academic_year": "1890–91",
        "value": 187,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1892,
        "academic_year": "1891–92",
        "value": 190,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1893,
        "academic_year": "1892–93",
        "value": 218,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1894,
        "academic_year": "1893–94",
        "value": 279,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1895,
        "academic_year": "1894–95",
        "value": 272,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1896,
        "academic_year": "1895–96",
        "value": 271,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1897,
        "academic_year": "1896–97",
        "value": 319,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1898,
        "academic_year": "1897–98",
        "value": 324,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1899,
        "academic_year": "1898–99",
        "value": 345,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "academic_year": "1899–1900",
        "value": 382,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1901,
        "academic_year": "1900–01",
        "value": 365,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1902,
        "academic_year": "1901–02",
        "value": 293,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1903,
        "academic_year": "1902–03",
        "value": 337,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1904,
        "academic_year": "1903–04",
        "value": 334,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1905,
        "academic_year": "1904–05",
        "value": 369,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1906,
        "academic_year": "1905–06",
        "value": 383,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1907,
        "academic_year": "1906–07",
        "value": 349,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1908,
        "academic_year": "1907–08",
        "value": 391,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1909,
        "academic_year": "1908–09",
        "value": 451,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "academic_year": "1909–10",
        "value": 443,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=90",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1911,
        "academic_year": "1910–11",
        "value": 497,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1912,
        "academic_year": "1911–12",
        "value": 500,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1913,
        "academic_year": "1912–13",
        "value": 538,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1914,
        "academic_year": "1913–14",
        "value": 559,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1915,
        "academic_year": "1914–15",
        "value": 611,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1916,
        "academic_year": "1915–16",
        "value": 667,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1918,
        "academic_year": "1917–18",
        "value": 556,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1920,
        "academic_year": "1919–20",
        "value": 615,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1922,
        "academic_year": "1921–22",
        "value": 836,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1924,
        "academic_year": "1923–24",
        "value": 1098,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1926,
        "academic_year": "1925–26",
        "value": 1409,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1928,
        "academic_year": "1927–28",
        "value": 1447,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1930,
        "academic_year": "1929–30",
        "value": 2299,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1932,
        "academic_year": "1931–32",
        "value": 2654,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1934,
        "academic_year": "1933–34",
        "value": 2830,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1936,
        "academic_year": "1935–36",
        "value": 2770,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1938,
        "academic_year": "1937–38",
        "value": 2932,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "academic_year": "1939–40",
        "value": 3290,
        "unit": "earned doctor’s degrees per academic year",
        "type": "doctoral_awards",
        "status": "reported",
        "source": "NCES, table 28, printed pp.82–83 / PDF pp.90–91",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=91",
        "note": "Includes earned PhD, EdD and other research doctorates; excludes honorary and first-professional MD/DD S etc. It is not a count of dissertations alone."
      }
    ],
    "faculty_nces": [
      {
        "year": 1870,
        "academic_year": "1869–70",
        "professional_staff": 5553,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1880,
        "academic_year": "1879–80",
        "professional_staff": 11522,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1890,
        "academic_year": "1889–90",
        "professional_staff": 15809,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "academic_year": "1899–1900",
        "professional_staff": 23868,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "academic_year": "1909–10",
        "professional_staff": 36480,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1920,
        "academic_year": "1919–20",
        "professional_staff": 48615,
        "instructional_staff": null,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1922,
        "academic_year": "1921–22",
        "professional_staff": null,
        "instructional_staff": 56486,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1924,
        "academic_year": "1923–24",
        "professional_staff": null,
        "instructional_staff": 63999,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1926,
        "academic_year": "1925–26",
        "professional_staff": null,
        "instructional_staff": 70674,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1928,
        "academic_year": "1927–28",
        "professional_staff": null,
        "instructional_staff": 76080,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1930,
        "academic_year": "1929–30",
        "professional_staff": null,
        "instructional_staff": 82386,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1932,
        "academic_year": "1931–32",
        "professional_staff": 100789,
        "instructional_staff": 88172,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1934,
        "academic_year": "1933–34",
        "professional_staff": 108873,
        "instructional_staff": 86914,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1936,
        "academic_year": "1935–36",
        "professional_staff": 121036,
        "instructional_staff": 92580,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1938,
        "academic_year": "1937–38",
        "professional_staff": 135989,
        "instructional_staff": 102895,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "academic_year": "1939–40",
        "professional_staff": 146929,
        "instructional_staff": 110885,
        "tenured_absolute": null,
        "tenured_percent": null,
        "annual_appointment_percent": null,
        "unit": "persons",
        "status": "reported staff totals; tenure missing",
        "url": "https://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf#page=88",
        "source": "NCES, table 26, printed p.80 / PDF p.88",
        "note": "Instructional staff includes regular faculty, junior faculty and research assistants. Professional staff is broader and includes administrative and other professional personnel. These are not FTE or a homogeneous contemporary faculty category."
      }
    ],
    "observations_geiger": [
      {
        "year": 1740,
        "type": "colonial_colleges",
        "value": 3,
        "label": "Первые три колониальных колледжа",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "count of the three institutions treated in chapter 1",
        "cites": [
          19,
          26,
          29,
          51
        ],
        "evidence": "In the mid-eighteenth century, colleges in the American colonies doubled in number",
        "status_ru": "Подсчёт первых трёх учреждений, рассмотренных в главе 1"
      },
      {
        "year": 1775,
        "type": "colonial_colleges",
        "value": 9,
        "label": "Девять колониальных колледжей",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "reported table",
        "cites": [
          101
        ],
        "evidence": "TABLE 1 THE NINE COLONIAL COLLEGES",
        "status_ru": "Таблица девяти колониальных колледжей"
      },
      {
        "year": 1800,
        "type": "medical_departments",
        "value": 5,
        "label": "Медицинские отделения, связанные с университетами",
        "unit": "departments",
        "status": "reported; not necessarily independent institutions",
        "cites": [
          163
        ],
        "evidence": "In 1800 the United States counted five aspiring medical departments",
        "status_ru": "Отделения университетов; не обязательно самостоятельные учреждения"
      },
      {
        "year": 1840,
        "type": "theological_schools",
        "value": 38,
        "label": "Богословские школы и семинарии в работе",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported by Quarterly Register",
        "cites": [
          176
        ],
        "evidence": "By 1840, the Quarterly Register identified thirty-eight in operation",
        "status_ru": "Действующие школы по Quarterly Register"
      },
      {
        "year": 1861,
        "type": "law_schools",
        "value": 21,
        "label": "Действующие юридические школы к Гражданской войне",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported stock; 30 had been founded, 21 remained",
        "cites": [
          171
        ],
        "evidence": "By the Civil War, 30 law schools had been started and 21 still operated",
        "status_ru": "Число прямо приведено у Гайгера",
        "year_label": "К началу Гражданской войны"
      },
      {
        "year": 1860,
        "type": "theological_schools",
        "value": 61,
        "label": "Богословские семинарии",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported in footnote",
        "cites": [
          212
        ],
        "evidence": "In 1860 there were 61 theological seminaries with 2,000 students",
        "status_ru": "Число прямо приведено у Гайгера"
      },
      {
        "year": 1869,
        "type": "state_normal_schools",
        "value": 35,
        "label": "Государственные normal schools в конце 1860-х",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "approximate date: end of the 1860s",
        "cites": [
          288
        ],
        "evidence": "At the end of the 1860s, 35 state normal schools were operating",
        "status_ru": "Датировка приблизительная: конец 1860-х",
        "year_label": "Конец 1860-х"
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "type": "state_normal_schools",
        "value": 139,
        "label": "Государственные normal schools",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported",
        "cites": [
          288
        ],
        "evidence": "producing a total of 139 in 1900",
        "status_ru": "Разные исторические категории: см. название показателя"
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "type": "research_universities",
        "value": 15,
        "label": "Исследовательские университеты после 1900 года",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "Geiger retrospective analytical classification, circa 1900; includes MIT",
        "cites": [
          559
        ],
        "evidence": "Fifteen institutions could be called research universities after 1900",
        "status_ru": "Разные исторические категории: см. название показателя",
        "year_label": "После 1900 / около 1900"
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "type": "slosson_universities",
        "value": 14,
        "label": "Отобранные Слоссоном великие университеты",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "selected group; not a national institutional type",
        "cites": [
          363
        ],
        "evidence": "In 1910 ... fourteen Great American Universities",
        "status_ru": "Специально отобранная группа, не официальный тип учреждения"
      },
      {
        "year": 1913,
        "type": "university_business_schools",
        "value": 25,
        "label": "Университетские бизнес-школы",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported units; may be within larger universities",
        "cites": [
          531
        ],
        "evidence": "By 1913, 25 university business schools were operating",
        "status_ru": "Подразделения; могут входить в состав университетов"
      },
      {
        "year": 1915,
        "type": "junior_colleges_eells",
        "value": 74,
        "label": "Junior colleges",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "Geiger/Eells historical movement count; not automatically comparable with NCES table 26",
        "cites": [
          444
        ],
        "evidence": "74 institutions in 1915; 207 in 1922; and 408 in 1928",
        "status_ru": "Исторический подсчёт движения junior colleges"
      },
      {
        "year": 1922,
        "type": "junior_colleges_eells",
        "value": 207,
        "label": "Junior colleges",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "Geiger/Eells historical movement count",
        "cites": [
          444
        ],
        "evidence": "207 in 1922",
        "status_ru": "Исторический подсчёт движения junior colleges"
      },
      {
        "year": 1928,
        "type": "junior_colleges_eells",
        "value": 408,
        "label": "Junior colleges",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "Geiger/Eells historical movement count",
        "cites": [
          444
        ],
        "evidence": "408 in 1928",
        "status_ru": "Исторический подсчёт движения junior colleges"
      },
      {
        "year": 1939,
        "type": "junior_colleges_eells",
        "value": 575,
        "label": "Junior colleges: подсчёт Eells/AAJC",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "alternative coverage; do not merge with federal 456",
        "cites": [
          445
        ],
        "evidence": "Eells reported ... 575 colleges in 1939",
        "status_ru": "Два разных охвата: AAJC и федеральное обследование"
      },
      {
        "year": 1939,
        "type": "junior_colleges_biennial",
        "value": 456,
        "label": "Junior colleges: федеральный Biennial Survey",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "same federal figure appears for academic 1939–40 in NCES table 26",
        "cites": [
          445
        ],
        "evidence": "Biennial Survey ... 456 colleges",
        "status_ru": "Два разных охвата: AAJC и федеральное обследование"
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "type": "research_universities",
        "value": 16,
        "label": "Исследовательские университеты",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "Geiger retrospective analytical classification; adds Caltech",
        "cites": [
          562
        ],
        "evidence": "In 1940, just sixteen institutions merited the title research university",
        "status_ru": "Границы категории оговорены в названии показателя"
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "type": "engineering_degree_institutions",
        "value": 150,
        "label": "Учреждения, выдававшие инженерные степени",
        "unit": "institutions",
        "status": "reported; overlaps universities and other categories",
        "cites": [
          545
        ],
        "evidence": "118 of the 150 institutions offering engineering degrees",
        "status_ru": "Границы категории оговорены в названии показателя"
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "type": "aba_approved_law_schools",
        "value": 102,
        "denominator": 180,
        "label": "Юридические школы ABA / все юридические школы",
        "unit": "schools",
        "status": "reported; subsets of overlapping institutional structure",
        "cites": [
          531
        ],
        "evidence": "102 of the 180 law schools were approved by the ABA",
        "status_ru": "Границы категории оговорены в названии показателя"
      }
    ],
    "faculty_degree_points": [
      {
        "year": 1880,
        "institution": "Harvard",
        "value": 50,
        "unit": "percent of faculty",
        "status": "reported fraction one-half",
        "cites": [
          337
        ],
        "evidence": "one-half of the faculty held PhDs in 1880"
      },
      {
        "year": 1892,
        "institution": "Harvard",
        "value": 66.66666666666667,
        "unit": "percent of faculty",
        "status": "reported fraction two-thirds; numeric conversion",
        "cites": [
          337
        ],
        "evidence": "two-thirds did so in 1892"
      },
      {
        "year": 1931,
        "institution": "Business schools, survey published 1931",
        "value": 25,
        "comparator": ">",
        "unit": "percent of faculty",
        "status": "greater than one-quarter, not an exact 25%; survey publication date",
        "cites": [
          533
        ],
        "evidence": "Just over one-quarter of business school faculty held a PhD"
      },
      {
        "year": 1939,
        "institution": "Four Pennsylvania AAU-approved men’s colleges",
        "value": 50,
        "comparator": "≈",
        "unit": "percent of faculty",
        "status": "group approximate figure; not the national system",
        "cites": [
          538
        ],
        "evidence": "The 4 men’s colleges ... near 50 percent faculty PhDs"
      }
    ],
    "tenure_stages": [
      {
        "year": 1913,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Комитет научных ассоциаций обсуждает свободу мысли и защищённость назначения",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          506
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1915,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Создание AAUP; расследования увольнений в Utah и Pennsylvania",
        "detail": "Ежегодные юридические назначения и увольнение по усмотрению администрации были обычной практикой, хотя назначения, как правило, автоматически продлевались.",
        "cites": [
          506
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1925,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "ACE рекомендует испытательный срок и надлежащую процедуру увольнения",
        "detail": "Рекомендации поддержали основные ассоциации учреждений, но они не были обязательными. Для established professors возникает tacit guarantee of academic freedom and tenure.",
        "cites": [
          506
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1936,
        "end_year": 1939,
        "label": "Конант добивается процедур up-or-out в Harvard",
        "detail": "Не более восьми лет младшего назначения; затем конкурс на постоянную профессорскую позицию либо уход. Полное внедрение — 1939. Это локальная институциональная история, а не общенациональная доля tenure.",
        "cites": [
          509,
          510
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1941,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "За границей основного рассказа: Гайгер упоминает рекомендацию AAUP о семилетнем испытательном сроке",
        "detail": "Упомянуто Гайгером ретроспективно. Не использовать как наблюдение о фактической доле tenure в 1940.",
        "cites": [
          519
        ]
      }
    ],
    "timeline": [
      {
        "year": 1636,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Колониальное решение учредить Harvard; преподавание начнётся в 1638",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          19,
          20
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1640,
        "end_year": 1660,
        "label": "Английские политические потрясения 1640-х и 1650-х меняют миграцию и спрос на выпускников",
        "detail": "Период обозначен широко; 1640 не подаётся как точная дата начала Английской гражданской войны.",
        "cites": [
          24
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1701,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Хартия Collegiate School в Коннектикуте — будущего Yale",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          26,
          27
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1722,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Первая Hollis-профессура в Harvard; в 1727 добавлена кафедра математики и натуральной философии",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          38,
          39
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1740,
        "end_year": 1745,
        "label": "Великое пробуждение, церковные расколы и новые коалиции основателей колледжей",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          51,
          52,
          53,
          54,
          55,
          56
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1746,
        "end_year": 1755,
        "label": "College of New Jersey; затем King’s College и College of Philadelphia",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          51,
          56,
          60,
          64
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1776,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Независимость: переустройство старых колледжей и идеал республиканских университетов",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          105,
          106,
          109,
          110,
          111
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1787,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Northwest Ordinance: федеральные земельные резервы как основа новых образовательных проектов",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          126,
          183,
          186
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1800,
        "end_year": 1820,
        "label": "Второе великое пробуждение; отдельные профессиональные школы ослабляют связку колледж → профессия",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          141,
          149,
          153,
          163,
          172
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1819,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Dartmouth College case укрепляет защиту хартии частной корпорации",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          178,
          179,
          180,
          181
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1820,
        "end_year": 1860,
        "label": "Рост деноминационных колледжей на фоне освоения внутренних территорий",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          209,
          210,
          211
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1828,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Yale Reports закрепляют нормативную силу классического курса",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          203,
          204,
          205,
          206,
          207,
          208,
          209
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1839,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Первые три государственные normal schools в Массачусетсе",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          287
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1861,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Yale присуждает первые три американские PhD",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          280
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1861,
        "end_year": 1865,
        "label": "Гражданская война: сильное разрушение южной высшей школы, слабое прямое воздействие на северные колледжи",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          292,
          293,
          294,
          295
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1862,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Morrill Act соединяет земельный эндаумент с задачами практического и общего образования",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          296,
          297,
          298,
          299,
          300
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1868,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Cornell открывает модель соединения liberal и practical studies",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          302,
          303,
          304,
          305
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1876,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Johns Hopkins превращает исследования и последипломную подготовку в центр университета",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          338,
          339,
          340
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1885,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "label": "Академическая революция: дисциплины, ассоциации, журналы, семинар и лаборатория",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          341,
          342,
          343,
          344,
          345,
          346,
          347
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1887,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Hatch Act: сельскохозяйственные опытные станции",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          319,
          545
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1890,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Second Morrill Act: ежегодные федеральные субсидии и разделение средств между белыми и чёрными учреждениями",
        "detail": "Ежегодная поддержка уменьшала зависимость от одних земельных доходов, но сама по себе не создавала равенства возможностей.",
        "cites": [
          319,
          484
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1900,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "AAU организует ведущие исследовательские университеты и защиту репутации американской PhD",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          364
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Книга Слоссона фиксирует четырнадцать великих университетов",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          363
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1910,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Flexner Report и ужесточение норм медицинской подготовки",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          401,
          402,
          403
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1914,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Smith–Lever Act: система распространения сельскохозяйственных знаний",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          545
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1915,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "AAUP и новые нормы академической профессии",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          506
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1917,
        "end_year": 1918,
        "label": "Первая мировая война: мобилизация студентов, научных экспертов и университетских ресурсов",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          436,
          437,
          438,
          439,
          440
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1919,
        "end_year": 1929,
        "label": "Послевоенная массовизация и расширение junior/teachers/urban colleges",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          441,
          442,
          443,
          444,
          448,
          449,
          450
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1929,
        "end_year": 1939,
        "label": "Великая депрессия: ограничения семейных средств, сдвиг к дешёвым местным учреждениям",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          519,
          520,
          521,
          522,
          527
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1933,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Федеральная студенческая помощь New Deal поддерживает доступ и работу студентов",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          523,
          524,
          525
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1939,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "Полное введение Harvard up-or-out; нормы кадрового воспроизводства становятся частью конкуренции",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          509
        ]
      },
      {
        "year": 1940,
        "end_year": null,
        "label": "На рубеже войны: около 1,5 млн regular students, более 15% возрастной когорты и узкое ядро 16 research universities",
        "detail": "",
        "cites": [
          527,
          562
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "institutions": [
    {
      "id": "harvard",
      "name": "Гарвардский университет",
      "english_name": "Harvard University",
      "founded": 1636,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "Решение колонии и ассигнование — 1636; начало занятий — 1638. Современный частный статус нельзя механически переносить на колониальную связь колледжа с государством и церковью.",
      "cites": [
        19,
        20,
        38,
        39,
        333,
        334,
        335,
        336,
        337,
        509
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Гарвард вошёл в новое университетское ядро, опираясь на длительно накопленные коллекции, научные учреждения и сеть выпускников. Однако старшинство не обеспечивало автоматического лидерства: в 1870-е унаследованный состав включал и выдающихся учёных, и преподавателей, воспроизводивших старые практики.",
        "Элиот расширил свободу выбора и реформировал профессиональные школы. Конкуренция с Johns Hopkins заставила его признать исследования основанием найма и удержания кадров; между 1880 и 1892 доля преподавателей с PhD выросла с половины до двух третей. Конант в 1930-е закрепил внешнее сравнение претендентов и up-or-out. Аналитически высокий статус объясняется сочетанием активов, рыночной конкуренции и способности несколько раз пересобрать критерий академической заслуги, а не одной реформой."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1636,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Решение учредить колледж",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            19
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1638,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Начало преподавания",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            19,
            20
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1722,
          "end_year": 1727,
          "label": "Эндаумент кафедры богословия; в 1727 — математики и натуральной философии",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            38,
            39
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1869,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Начало президентства Charles Eliot",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            333
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1872,
          "end_year": 1884,
          "label": "Элективы между классами; с 1884 — также на первом году",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            336
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1890,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Graduate School и Faculty of Arts and Sciences",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            337
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1939,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Полное введение up-or-out при James Conant",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            509
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "yale",
      "name": "Йельский университет",
      "english_name": "Yale University",
      "founded": 1701,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "Хартия Collegiate School — 1701; занятия начались в 1702. Основание связывало колледж с религиозной общиной Коннектикута.",
      "cites": [
        26,
        27,
        41,
        203,
        280,
        348,
        349,
        364
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Йель долго получал преимущество от сильного классического колледжа, устойчивого религиозно-нравственного самоописания и чрезвычайно влиятельных выпускников. Yale Reports превратили его учебный курс в эталон для множества новых колледжей; это расширяло символическое влияние даже тогда, когда собственная научная организация отставала.",
        "Первые американские PhD не означали непрерывного лидерства в докторской подготовке: при Noah Porter выпуск сократился. Yale приспосабливал академическую революцию, стараясь сохранить первенство четырёхлетнего колледжа. Вхождение в элиту поэтому соединяло социальную репутацию с более медленной академической перестройкой. Траектория показывает, что исторический престиж способен и обеспечивать ресурсы реформ, и задерживать их."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1701,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Хартия Collegiate School",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            26,
            27
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1718,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Закрепление в New Haven и название Yale",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            28,
            39
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1795,
          "end_year": 1817,
          "label": "Timothy Dwight соединяет благочестие с расширением преподавания",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            153,
            154,
            155
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1828,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Yale Reports: защита классического курса",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            203,
            204,
            205,
            206
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1861,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первые три американские PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            280
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1886,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Принятие названия Yale University",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            349
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "В числе учредителей AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            364
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "princeton",
      "name": "Принстонский университет",
      "english_name": "Princeton University",
      "founded": 1746,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "Хартия College of New Jersey — 1746, начало занятий — 1747; университетское название принято позднее. Отдельная Princeton Theological Seminary не была подразделением колледжа.",
      "cites": [
        56,
        57,
        91,
        172,
        350,
        351,
        352,
        364
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Принстон удерживал большое влияние благодаря выпускникам, пресвитерианским связям и роли колледжа в воспитании общественных лидеров. McCosh усилил эту основу современными научными предметами, библиотекой, аспирантурой и пожертвованиями, не отказываясь от религиозного целого.",
        "Такой компромисс дал рост, но не снимал противоречий между универсальностью старого AB и дисциплинарным знанием. В 1886 trustees отказали даже в университетском названии и стипендиях по образцу Hopkins. Высокий статус возник из взаимодействия богатой социальной среды, модернизации состава и национальной сети, при постоянной борьбе между колледжной культурой и исследовательскими притязаниями."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1746,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Хартия College of New Jersey",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            56
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1747,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Начало преподавания",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            56,
            101
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1768,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "John Witherspoon и шотландское Просвещение",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            91,
            92
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1868,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "James McCosh начинает университетскую модернизацию",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            350
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1879,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первый PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            351
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1896,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Университетское название после отказа попечителей в 1886 году",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            352
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1905,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Preceptorial system при Woodrow Wilson",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            426,
            427
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "columbia",
      "name": "Колумбийский университет",
      "english_name": "Columbia University",
      "founded": 1754,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "King’s College начал занятия и получил королевскую хартию в 1754; позднее стал Columbia. Колониальный попечительский состав включал должностных лиц и церковных представителей.",
      "cites": [
        59,
        60,
        61,
        365,
        366,
        367,
        368,
        511
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Нью-Йорк давал Columbia не просто деньги, но спрос на профессиональную подготовку, культурные связи и крупный рынок экспертов. Barnard добился перехода от роли агента консервативных trustees к самостоятельному университетскому руководству; Low организовал разрозненные школы и резко увеличил постоянный преподавательский состав.",
        "Школа политических наук Burgess связывала обучение, докторантуру, ассоциацию и журнал в единую дисциплинарную инфраструктуру. При Butler масштаб стал критерием первенства: на момент визитов Слоссона Columbia лидировал по бюджету и контингенту. Но Гайгер показывает и предел такого преимущества: долгий отказ обновлять кадры и чрезмерная централизация ослабили университет к концу 1930-х. Высокое положение требует воспроизводства, а не только однажды достигнутого размера."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1754,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие и хартия King’s College",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            60
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1864,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Barnard принимает президентство и расширяет университет",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            365
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1880,
          "end_year": 1882,
          "label": "School of Political Science; затем graduate school в 1882",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366,
            368
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1890,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Seth Low объединяет школы и расширяет преподавательский состав",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1896,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Название Columbia University",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1898,
          "end_year": 1899,
          "label": "Аффилиация Teachers College; extension с 1899",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1902,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Butler продолжает рост и централизует управление",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366,
            511
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "penn",
      "name": "Пенсильванский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Pennsylvania",
      "founded": 1740,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "1740 — здание для проповедей и замысел благотворительной школы, включённые в институциональную предысторию Penn. Официальный архив прямо различает этот проект и открытие Academy в январе 1751. У Гайгера далее следуют хартия Academy 1753 и College 1755. Дата 1740 не означает начала университетского преподавания.",
      "cites": [
        62,
        63,
        64,
        163,
        365,
        366,
        367,
        368,
        369
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Penn одним из первых соединил городской рынок профессионального образования с сильными медицинскими, юридическими и позднее коммерческими школами. Его масштаб долго создавали именно профессиональные подразделения, а не небольшой arts college. Pepper получил полномочия, которых не было у Stillé, и смог вывести расширение из разрозненных инициатив в общую университетскую политику.",
        "Wharton, медицинская школа и докторантура обеспечили широту и устойчивый спрос, но Гайгер оценивает академическое руководство Penn сдержаннее, чем Columbia. При Harrison строительная и социальная инфраструктура росла быстрее согласованной исследовательской стратегии; внешние связи и практические программы сосуществовали с внутренней фрагментацией. Включение в список означает прежде всего ресурсы для преподавания, а не одинаковый уровень исследовательских дисциплин во всех четырнадцати учреждениях."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1751,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие Academy по проекту Franklin 1749 года",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            62
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1755,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Хартия College, Academy, and Charitable School",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            64
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1791,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Объединение в University of Pennsylvania",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            163
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1881,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Pepper становится provost; основание Wharton",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            366,
            531
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1895,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Harrison укрепляет инфраструктуру и увольняет Edmund James",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            367,
            368
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1896,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Houston Hall — общий студенческий центр",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            367
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1915,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Увольнение Scott Nearing и расследование AAUP",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            369,
            506
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/brief-history/",
          "title": "University Archives: Penn in the Eighteenth Century",
          "supports": "Здание для проповедей и проект благотворительной школы в 1740; открытие Academy в январе 1751."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cornell",
      "name": "Корнеллский университет",
      "english_name": "Cornell University",
      "founded": 1865,
      "control": "Частный; land-grant с позднее сложившимися государственными statutory colleges",
      "foundation_note": "Юридическое основание — 1865; открытие — 1868. Земельное назначение не делало Cornell обычным штатным университетом: исходное управление осуществлял самовоспроизводящийся Board of Trustees.",
      "cites": [
        302,
        303,
        304,
        305,
        312
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Cornell создал относительно богатую новую площадку, где practical studies не были подчинённым придатком классического колледжа. Частное состояние основателя и необычно успешная монетизация земель позволили дать прикладным областям равный статус с liberal arts и нанять крупный состав преподавателей.",
        "White использовал перспективных молодых учёных и приглашённых академических звёзд: это обеспечивало признание прежде, чем собственный faculty приобрёл репутацию. К 1880 университет имел 47 профессоров и широкий набор дисциплин; технические нововведения возникали рядом с фундаментальными предметами. Высокое положение объясняется финансовой основой, равноправием областей и кадровым суждением, но исходный демократический доступ сдерживали повышение требований и стоимость жизни."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1865,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учреждение Cornell как получателя land-grant Нью-Йорка",
          "detail": "Официальный таймлайн Cornell: хартия подписана 27 апреля 1865.",
          "cites": []
        },
        {
          "year": 1868,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие: 412 принятых студентов",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            304
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1872,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первый PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            304
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1875,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Здание Henry Sage закрепляет совместное обучение женщин и мужчин",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            304
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1881,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первая программа electrical engineering",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            305
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1885,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Уход White; последующий академический рост",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            305
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учредитель AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            364
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.cornell.edu/about/timeline/",
          "title": "Cornell University: Our History",
          "supports": "Основание и подписание хартии 27 апреля 1865; первые студенты пришли через три года."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hopkins",
      "name": "Университет Джонса Хопкинса",
      "english_name": "Johns Hopkins University",
      "founded": 1876,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "В отчёте используется 1876 — год открытия университета; завещание основателя и приглашение Gilman предшествовали занятиям. Это был новый исследовательский проект, а не старый колледж, переименованный в университет.",
      "cites": [
        338,
        339,
        340,
        363
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Hopkins продемонстрировал, что национальное академическое первенство можно строить на исследованиях, докторской подготовке и поддержке перспективных учёных, а не на большом undergraduate college. Fellowships создали критическую массу участников; свобода подразделений, лаборатории, библиотеки и приглашённые лекторы помогли превратить индивидуальную учёность в устойчивую среду.",
        "Слоссон включил Hopkins, несмотря на бюджет зарплаты преподавателей ниже основного порога: это существенное исключение из количественного критерия. Модель обладала высокой интеллектуальной отдачей, но слабой финансовой устойчивостью: железнодорожные дивиденды, небольшой студенческий доход и немногочисленные alumni ограничивали рост. Поэтому академическое влияние учреждения было значительно выше места в финансовом ряду."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1876,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие под руководством Daniel Coit Gilman",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            339
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1878,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первые четыре PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            340
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1887,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Остановка дивидендов B&O и финансовый кризис",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            340
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1889,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие госпиталя; к этому году присуждена 151 PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            340
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1893,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие медицинской школы",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            340
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учредитель AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            364
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1910,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Включение в список Слоссона как исключение из бюджетного порога",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            363
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "chicago",
      "name": "Чикагский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Chicago",
      "founded": 1892,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "1892 — подтверждённое Гайгером открытие нового университета. Юридический рубеж создания здесь отдельно не восстанавливается; эта дата не должна молча подменять принятую в справочниках дату основания. Новый университет нельзя отождествлять с прежним чикагским учреждением середины XIX века.",
      "cites": [
        353,
        354,
        360,
        361,
        362,
        363,
        510,
        511
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Чикаго был создан сразу как претендент на высший уровень: крупные взносы Rockefeller позволили Harper покупать не только здания, но и академическое качество отделений. При этом университет предполагал широту—от original investigation до extension, профессиональных школ, публикаций и летнего обучения.",
        "Особым механизмом преимущества стали выдающиеся руководители дисциплин и многочисленные серьёзные graduate students. Quarter system открывала университетское знание новым аудиториям, особенно учителям. После Harper исследовательское ядро сохраняло авторитет, но отношения faculty с Hutchins показали пределы первоначальной гибкости. В аналитическом сопоставлении высокое положение было достигнуто сочетанием капитализации, научного найма и широкой организационной программы; эти составляющие не всегда удавалось удерживать вместе."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1892,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие нового университета: 14 департаментов, graduate и undergraduate studies",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            361
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1894,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Приход John Dewey и образовательные исследования",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            361
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1898,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "College of Commerce and Administration",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            361
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учредитель AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            364
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1906,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Смерть Harper; ведущая роль исследовательского преподавательского состава",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            363
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1929,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Hutchins начинает курс, порождающий конфликт с дисциплинарной организацией",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            510,
            511
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "stanford",
      "name": "Стэнфордский университет",
      "english_name": "Stanford University",
      "founded": 1885,
      "control": "Частный",
      "foundation_note": "Основание — 1885, открытие — 1891. Эти две даты прямо подтверждает официальная историческая справка Stanford.",
      "cites": [
        353,
        354,
        357,
        358,
        359
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Stanford привлекал современной дисциплинарной программой, бесплатным обучением и возможностью нового начала. Jordan собрал молодую подготовленную команду, во многом через Cornell и Indiana, а major-subject system дала ей возможность преподавать собственные специальности.",
        "Но номинально огромный эндаумент не обеспечивал свободных средств. Смерть основателя, probate, вложения в строительство, землетрясение и дело Ross ограничивали исследовательское развитие. К 1910 Stanford оставался преимущественно сильным undergraduate college, а не равноценным Harvard или Chicago исследовательским центром. Его место в списке Слоссона надо понимать в рамках instructional resources, а причины более позднего мирового лидерства не переносить назад в 1909."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1885,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учреждение Stanford",
          "detail": "Официальная справка Stanford",
          "cites": [
            353
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1887,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Закладка кампуса",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            353
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1891,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие: 33 преподавателя и 559 студентов",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            357
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1893,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Смерть Leland Stanford и блокировка активов",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            358
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Увольнение E. A. Ross и отставки коллег",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            358
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1906,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Землетрясение разрушает здания стоимостью 3 млн долларов",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            358
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1913,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Конец президентства Jordan",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            358,
            359
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://facts.stanford.edu/about/",
          "title": "Stanford Facts: Welcome to Stanford",
          "supports": "founded1885; welcomedstudents1891"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "michigan",
      "name": "Мичиганский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Michigan",
      "founded": 1817,
      "control": "Государственный",
      "foundation_note": "Первоначальный закон — 1817; реорганизация в Ann Arbor — 1837. В первичном тексте Слоссона различаются замысел общей образовательной системы 1817 года и становление университета 1837 года. Поэтому дата юридической предыстории не считается датой начала полноценного университетского преподавания.",
      "cites": [
        267,
        268,
        269,
        270,
        370,
        371,
        372,
        513,
        514
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Michigan раньше других штатных учреждений приобрёл национальный контингент и широкий набор профессиональных школ. Tappan придал ему сильное университетское самоописание, связь науки с преподаванием, элективы и ослабление школьного надзора. Angell обеспечивал масштаб, легитимность и связи с другими университетами.",
        "Но лидерство по численности не обеспечивало лидерства в исследовании. Профессорский Research Club добивался улучшения условий научной работы, тогда как уход способных сотрудников выявлял слабость старого управления. Graduate School 1912 года и административная реформа Ruthven переоформляли обязательства университета перед академической деятельностью. Аналитически этот случай показывает, почему национальное положение зависит от поддержки учёных после первоначального роста преподавательского состава."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1817,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Акт об учреждении Catholepistemiad of Michigania",
          "detail": "Slosson1910, pp.182–184",
          "cites": []
        },
        {
          "year": 1837,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Реорганизация университета в Ann Arbor",
          "detail": "Slosson, Great American Universities (1910), историческая таблица и рассказ на с. 182–184.",
          "cites": []
        },
        {
          "year": 1852,
          "end_year": 1863,
          "label": "Tappan формирует университетскую миссию",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            268,
            269,
            270
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1871,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Начало президентства Angell; сертификация high schools",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            370,
            396
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1900,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Research Club и учреждение AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            371,
            364
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1912,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Graduate School и стипендии",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            372
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1929,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Ruthven реорганизует управление",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            513,
            514
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/greatamericanuni00slosrich",
          "title": "Slosson, Great American Universities (1910)",
          "supports": "Act1817; reorganization1837, pp.182–184"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "wisconsin",
      "name": "Висконсинский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Wisconsin",
      "founded": 1848,
      "control": "Государственный",
      "foundation_note": "Основание — 1848; land-grant реорганизация — 1866. Гайгер описывает исторический университет в Madison; современную систему University of Wisconsin нельзя ретроспективно считать единым объектом XIX века.",
      "cites": [
        271,
        308,
        309,
        372,
        373,
        374,
        515,
        516,
        517
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Wisconsin связал общее образование, прикладные знания, исследования и государственную экспертизу. Bascom заложил моральную интерпретацию общественной роли университета; Chamberlin укрепил исследовательскую основу; Van Hise сделал научную компетентность условием качественного преподавания и служения штату.",
        "Лидерство в докторской подготовке поддерживали graduate school, стипендии и ассистентские позиции. Исследовательская община сохраняла высокий уровень даже при слабых президентах. Обратной стороной Wisconsin Idea были партийная зависимость и бюджетные конфликты; отказ от пожертвований фондов в 1925 году позднее пришлось отменить. В аналитическом сопоставлении преимущество держалось на сочетании штатных средств, дисциплинарных лидеров и коллегиальных практик, а не на одной декларации полезности штату."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1848,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Основание университета",
          "detail": "Slosson1910, сводкадатоснования; история Curti/Carstensen, цит.Гайгером MD271",
          "cites": []
        },
        {
          "year": 1866,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Реорганизация под Morrill Act",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            308
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1874,
          "end_year": 1887,
          "label": "Bascom закладывает идейную основу общественного служения",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            308,
            309
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1892,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первый PhD — Charles Van Hise",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            372
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1903,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Van Hise возглавляет университет",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            372
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1904,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Создание graduate school",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            374
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1906,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Возрождение широкой extension",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            373
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1919,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Штатный исследовательский фонд; позднее поддержка WARF",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            516,
            517
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/greatamericanuni00slosrich",
          "title": "Slosson, Great American Universities (1910)",
          "supports": "foundation1848"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "illinois",
      "name": "Иллинойсский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Illinois",
      "founded": 1867,
      "control": "Государственный",
      "foundation_note": "Учреждён как Illinois Industrial University в 1867, открыт в 1868, переименован в University of Illinois в 1885. Здесь имеется в виду исторический университет в Urbana-Champaign, а не современная совокупность кампусов.",
      "cites": [
        310,
        374,
        375,
        514,
        515
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "При Draper Illinois сначала увеличил масштаб: число студентов, набор профессиональных школ и ассигнования. Исследовательская репутация при этом отставала. James использовал накопленный потенциал для другого перехода: связал потребности штата, немецкую научность, докторантуру и библиотеку.",
        "Законодательная поддержка качества и конкурентного найма оказалась не менее важна, чем миссия. Первый PhD и graduate school появились лишь в XX веке; затем университет вошёл в AAU. Отток гуманитариев при Kinley напоминает, что сильная химия или инженерия не равнозначны равномерному научному уровню. Аналитический вывод: основание и рост дали платформу, а место в элите создавали более поздние бюджетные и кадровые решения."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1867,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Учреждение Illinois Industrial University",
          "detail": "Slosson1910; Solberg1867–1894, цит.MD310",
          "cites": []
        },
        {
          "year": 1868,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Открытие под руководством John Milton Gregory",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            310
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1885,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Название University of Illinois",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            310
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1894,
          "end_year": 1904,
          "label": "Draper расширяет профессиональные школы и поддержку штата",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            374
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1903,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Первый PhD",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            375
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1906,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Graduate School при Edmund James",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            375
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1908,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Вступление в AAU и 50 тыс. долларов на graduate work",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            375
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1920,
          "end_year": 1930,
          "label": "При Kinley сильная химия сосуществует с консервативной кадровой политикой",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            514,
            515
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": [
        {
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/greatamericanuni00slosrich",
          "title": "Slosson, Great American Universities (1910)",
          "supports": "foundation1867"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "minnesota",
      "name": "Миннесотский университет",
      "english_name": "University of Minnesota",
      "founded": 1851,
      "control": "Государственный",
      "foundation_note": "Хартия — 1851, начало колледжного преподавания — 1869. Гайгер прямо различает эти даты. Ранние подготовительные занятия не приравниваются к полноценной работе университета.",
      "cites": [
        309,
        310,
        363,
        364,
        513
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "Minnesota трудно осваивал пространство широкого штатного университета. Folwell выдвинул проект федерации профессиональных школ раньше, чем появилась достаточная подготовка студентов. Его работа с high schools и сельским хозяйством создала часть инфраструктуры будущего роста, хотя конфликты с регентами и студентами привели к уходу.",
        "Позднее масштаб и профессиональная широта довели учреждение до порога списка Слоссона, но исследовательская сила развивалась медленнее. При Vincent и деканах Johnston и Ford кадровый отбор и университетский сенат получили центральное значение. Coffman сочетал широкий доступ с укреплением академического состава. Аналитически существенна не одна дата основания, а цепь подготовки абитуриентов, расширения организации и кадрового воспроизводства."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1851,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Хартия территориального университета",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            309
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1869,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Начало колледжного преподавания; президент Folwell",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            309
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1884,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Уход Folwell после конфликтов",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            310
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1908,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Вступление в AAU",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            364
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1911,
          "end_year": 1917,
          "label": "Vincent обновляет кадры и учреждает University Senate",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            513
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1920,
          "end_year": 1938,
          "label": "Coffman расширяет образовательную и профессиональную миссию",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            513
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    },
    {
      "id": "california",
      "name": "Калифорнийский университет",
      "english_name": "University of California",
      "founded": 1868,
      "control": "Государственный",
      "foundation_note": "Университет основан в 1868 путём соединения College of California, учреждённого в 1860, и land-grant проекта. Ранняя история относится прежде всего к Berkeley; межвоенные годы приносят многокампусную структуру.",
      "cites": [
        306,
        307,
        375,
        376,
        517
      ],
      "analysis": [
        "California сочетал штатную поддержку с пожертвованиями регентов и состоятельных калифорнийцев — редкая ранняя формула государственного университета. Конституционная автономия защищала от текущей политики, но сначала усиливала главным образом регентов. Wheeler перенёс повседневную власть в президентство и направил средства на подбор учёных.",
        "После 1920 академический сенат стал ключевым участником учебных и кадровых решений. Внешний подбор и постдокторанты NRC, включая Lawrence и Oppenheimer, получали опору в исследовательском фонде штата и политической работе Sproul. Аналитически высокое положение возникло из подвижного баланса автономии, профессиональной самоорганизации и публичной легитимности. Именно этот баланс помогал превращать ресурсы в сильные дисциплины."
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "year": 1868,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Основание University of California",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            306
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1872,
          "end_year": 1874,
          "label": "Gilman укрепляет университетскую миссию",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            306
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1879,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Конституционная автономия как public trust",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            306,
            307
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1899,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Wheeler добивается полномочий в академическом найме",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            375,
            376
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1915,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Штатный исследовательский фонд",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            517
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1920,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Усиление Academic Senate",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            376,
            517
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1928,
          "end_year": 1929,
          "label": "Приход Lawrence; в 1929 — Oppenheimer",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            517
          ]
        },
        {
          "year": 1930,
          "end_year": null,
          "label": "Sproul защищает бюджет и кадровое качество в Депрессию",
          "detail": "",
          "cites": [
            517
          ]
        }
      ],
      "external": []
    }
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "Национального годового ряда по доле или числу преподавателей с tenure за 1636–1940 в привлечённых источниках нет; неизвестное не обозначается нулём.",
    "Профессиональные школы часто являются подразделениями университетов. Их нельзя складывать с числом университетов, если единицы учёта пересекаются.",
    "Research university — ретроспективный аналитический тип у Гайгера. Он не совпадает с официальными категориями статистического учёта NCES.",
    "Ряды NCES восстановлены из исторических обследований с разным охватом. Точки наблюдений не означают знания значений за каждый год.",
    "Годовой выпуск докторов, число действующих преподавателей с докторской степенью и доля таких преподавателей — разные показатели.",
    "Ранние ряды professional staff и instructional staff не равны современному подсчёту штатных профессоров полной занятости."
  ]
}